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The Institute of Doctoral StudiesGeneral informationHigher academic degrees in Russia In Russia, the hierarchy of advanced degrees traditionally includes doctor's degrees of two levels: the Candidate of Sciences (Kandidat Nauk) and the Doctor of Sciences (Doktor Nauk). The Candidate of Sciences degree (equivalent to the Ph.D. as awarded by universities in the United States and in some other countries) normally requires at least three years of study beyond graduation from a university level higher education institution and the award of the Specialist or the Magistr diploma (M.S. or M.A. equivalent) . Each postgraduate student has to follow an individualized plan of study covering this three-year period during which he/she will prepare for and take postgraduate examinations. A Ph.D dissertation should be written and defended within this period. Every postgraduate student is advised and guided by a scientific supervisor drawn from among the professors of the given higher education institution. The Doctor of Sciences degree can be earned after a considerable period of further academic work and research following the award of the Candidate of Sciences degree and writing of a second dissertation. In reality, to earn a Doctor of Sciences degree requires five to fifteen years beyond the award of the Candidate of Sciences degree. (Just for the sake of illustration, there are more than 1000 Candidates of Sciences in the University of Nizhni Novgorod, but only 300 Doctors of Sciences). The degrees of Candidate and Doctor of Sciences are only awarded by the special governmental agency (Higher Attestation Commission); a university or a scientific institute where the dissertation was defended can only recommend that an appropriate degree be awarded to the person seeking it. |